Resumen Introducción: Los snacks se han convertido en una parte importante de la dieta diaria, sin embargo, su perfil nutricional podría mejorarse añadiendo ingredientes con beneficios para la salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un snack dietético funcional utilizando harina de algarroba negra y arándanos de descarte y evaluar su composición química y funcional. Metodología: Se prepararon tres formulaciones utilizando diferentes proporciones de harina de trigo y harina de algarroba negra: 60:40; 50:50; y 40:60, respectivamente. Se determinó la composición química proximal mediante los procedimientos metodológicos de la AOAC, así como también se analizaron las propiedades funcionales. Resultados: Se obtuvieron tres snacks dietéticos, éstos mostraron una reducción calórica del 20 - 23%. En todos los snacks se logró un aumento del contenido proteico de más del 60% y se observó un contenido mayor de fibra dietética total (DS2) en comparación con los snacks comerciales. Todas las formulaciones mostraron una reducción en el contenido de compuestos bioactivos durante el procesamiento. Conclusiones: Los snacks mostraron propiedades funcionales, mayor contenido en proteínas y un valor calórico total fue reducido en comparación con los productos comerciales disponibles. El DS2 fue el snack con mayor actividad antioxidante y, según los valores de fibra, es un producto con “alto contenido en fibra”. A pesar de las pérdidas causadas por el proceso de cocción en el contenido de compuestos bioactivos, la actividad antioxidante fue superior al 50% en todos los snacks elaborados.

Abstract Introduction: Snacks have become an important part of the daily diet, however, their nutritional profile could be improved by adding ingredients with health benefits. The aim of this work was to develop a functional dietetic snack using black carob flour and discarded blueberries, and to evaluate its chemical and functional composition. Methodology: Three formulations were prepared using different proportions of wheat flour and black carob flour: 60:40; 50:50; and 40:60, respectively. Proximal chemical composition was determined by the procedures of AOAC methods and functional properties were also analyzed. Results: Three dietary snacks were obtained, which showed a caloric reduction of 20 - 23%. In all snacks, an increase in protein content of more than 60% was achieved and a higher total dietary fiber content (DS2) was observed compared to commercial snacks. All formulations showed a reduction in bioactive compound content during processing. Conclusions: The snacks showed functional properties, higher protein content and a reduced total caloric value compared to commercially available products. DS2 was the snack with the highest antioxidant activity and, according to fiber values, is a product with “high fiber content”. Despite the losses caused by the cooking process in the content of bioactive compounds, the antioxidant activity was greater than 50% in all the snacks produced.

Abstract Training in Good Manufacturing Practices enhances quality during food processing. This paper evaluates GMP training aimed at improving the chemical, sensory and microbiological quality of goat milk cheese. We worked with 26 families that produce cheese as their main source of income. Semi-structured interviews and observation were conducted to select relevant topics. The manufacturing processes were compared and samples were analyzed before and after GMP training. We trained 80% of the producers. Before receiving training, they used to make cheese from raw milk in unhygienic conditions and with little equipment. The products obtained had bad sensory characteristics, cracks, eyes on the pasta, a high number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and total coliforms. After training, the producers pasteurized the milk and standardized processing procedures, resulting in final products that contained higher protein and calcium content, suitable sensory characteristics, and a significant reduction in microorganisms, with total coliforms falling to ≤ 5.103 UFC/g. Therefore, this study shows that the manufacturing process and the chemical, sensory and microbiological parameters of goat milk cheese improved after GMP training.

Abstract Quinoa can be used as a functional ingredient in food formulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on proximate composition, stability during storage, texture and consumer acceptability of yogurts supplemented with quinoa flour at 1, 3 and 5 g 100 mL-1. A product without supplementation was used as control. Products were assessed for moisture, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, total dietary fibre (TDF), ashes and minerals. The pH, acidity and syneresis of yogurts were measured after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of storage and a Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) was carried out. Applying hedonic scale, 102 consumers analyzed the overall acceptability, color, texture, flavor and aroma of yogurts. Supplemented products showed significant higher protein, carbohydrate and fat contents. Hardness and adhesiveness showed a negative association whereas a positive one was found between springiness and cohesiveness. Yogurt is not necessarily the adequate matrix for hauling quinoa compounds since the addition of greater amounts of 1 g 100 mL-1 quinoa flour had undesirable effects on gel stability (syneresis and increases in total acidity) and consumer acceptability.

Abstract Today’s population increasingly demands and consumes healthy products. For this reason, the food industry has been developing and marketing food with added bioactive components. The aim of this work was to formulate a peach ice cream reduced in calories with an added probiotic (Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12) and prebiotics (inulin), and to evaluate its sensory quality and acceptability as potential symbiotic food. The moisture content was 76.47%; 7.14% protein; 0.15% fat; 6.37%; carbohydrates; 9.87% inulin; 1.22% ash; 0.201% calcium, 0.155% phosphorus and 0.168% sodium. On the first and 21th day of storage counts of B. lactis Bb – 12 was 4 x 108 CFU/mL and 1.5 x 107 CFU/mL, respectively. It was possible to formulate a peach ice cream reduced in calories, fat, and sugar and with potential symbiotic effect, by addition of B. lactis Bb – 12. A product with suitable organoleptic characteristics, creamy texture, peachy colour, taste and flavour, and no ice crystals was obtained. This ice cream would be a suitable food matrix to incorporate prebiotic and probiotic ingredients as a potential symbiotic food.

Abstract The aim of this study was a contribution to standardazation the process of making mozzarella cheese from goat milk by draining at different pH values 5.0 (MC50), 5.3 (MC53) and 5.6 (MC56), so as to obtain a product with suitable physicochemical, microstructural and textural characteristics. MC50 had lower protein and calcium, with very few strands. MC53 had adequate moisture content, fat, protein and calcium. The cheese yield was higher, the hardness parameters were lower, and the microstructure revealed the presence of long, thin strands, giving it the distinctive texture for this type of cheese. MC56 curd did not reach a good stretching property, requiring longer exposure to heating to obtain the yarn. This resulted in lower retention of fat, lower cheese yield, increased calcium and hardness values, and absence of strands. Overall, the goat milk presented aptitude for processing this type of cheese, however the pH 5.3 was selected to obtain a product with suitable physicochemical, textural and microstructural characteristics.

Introduction: In our country, the consumption of sugars exceeds the national recommendations; therefore the food industry plays a fundamental role by developing new formulations with healthy characteristics. The aim of this study was to formulate and determine the chemical composition of dietetic blueberry (DBJ) and mango (DMJ) jam. Methodology: The ingredients used were blueberry, mango, additives and sucralose containing concentrations of 0,10; 0,14 and 0,18g%. Applying preference test (Newell and Mc Farlane Tables), the final percentage of sweetener was defined. The heat treatment in the elaboration of blueberry jam was of 220 minutes at 95ºC, with a value of 27,50ºBrix, in the mango one, of 82 minutes at 96ºC, with a total of 30,67ºBrix. In the preferred dietetic jams, acceptability and physico-chemical composition (pH, soluble solids, water activity, moisture, ashes, sodium, carbohydrates, crude fibre and proteins) were evaluated. Results: Dietetic jams were formulated following the traditional procedure. The preferred sweetener concentration in the DBJ was of 0,14g% and in the DMJ, it was of 0,18g%. The acceptability was high, 92% and 98% for the blueberry and mango products respectively. The physico-chemical analysis on the DBJ and DMJ resulted as follows: pH 4,40 and 4,76, soluble solids 27,50 and 30,67ºBrix, water activity 0,97 for both, moisture 74,05 and 75,14g/100g, ashes 0,30 and 0,79g/100g, sodium 61,80 and 59,26mg/100g, carbohydrates 25,30 and 23,30g/100g, crude fiber 2,12 and 1,24g/100g, proteins 0,84 and 0,85g/100g, total caloric value 104,56 and 96,60Kcal/100. Conclusions: The formulation of dietetic blueberry and mango jams reduced in calories and carbohydrates was feasible. Both presented suitable sensory attributes and were acceptable by most consumers.

Introducción: En nuestro país, el consumo de azúcares simples excede las recomendaciones nacionales por lo cual, la industria alimentaria juega un papel importante desarrollando nuevas formulaciones con características saludables. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue formular y determinar la composición química de mermeladas dietéticas de arándano (MDA) y mango (MDM). Metodología: Se empleó arándano, mango, aditivos y sucralosa en concentraciones de 0,10; 0,14 y 0,18 g%. Aplicando prueba de preferencia (Tablas de Newell y Mc Farlane), se determinó el porcentaje de edulcorante definitivo. El tratamiento térmico en la elaboración de la mermelada dietética de arándano fue de 220 minutos a 95ºC, con un valor de 27,50ºBrix, en la de mango el tiempo de cocción fue de 82 minutos a 96ºC, con un total de 30,67ºBrix. En las mermeladas dietéticas preferidas se evaluó la aceptabilidad y los análisis de composición físico-química de pH, sólidos solubles, actividad de agua, humedad, cenizas, sodio, hidratos de carbono, fibra cruda y proteínas. Resultados: Las mermeladas se formularon siguiendo el procedimiento tradicional. La concentración de edulcorante preferida en MDA fue del 0,14g% y en MDM de 0,18g%. La aceptabilidad fue elevada, 92% y 98% para los productos de arándano y mango respectivamente. Los análisis físico-químicos en MDA y MDM fueron: pH 4,40 y 4,76, sólidos solubles 27,50 y 30,67ºBrix, actividad de agua 0,97 en ambas, humedad 74,05 y 75,14 g/100g, cenizas 0,30 y 0,79 g/100g, sodio 61,80 y 59,26 mg/100g, hidratos de carbono 25,30 y 23,30 g/100g, fibra cruda 2,12 y 1,24 g/100g, proteínas 0,84 y 0,85 g/100g, valor calórico total 104,56 y 96,60 Kcal/100. Conclusiones: Fue factible la formulación de mermeladas dietéticas de arándano y mango reducidas en su valor calórico y glucídico. Ambas presentaron atributos sensoriales adecuados y resultaron aceptables por la mayoría de los consumidores.

Combining prebiotics and probiotic microorganisms improve quality in the formulation of foods. In this paper, the characteristics of goat milk and symbiotic yogurt were studied. Raw goat milk was analyzed and the skimming process was optimized. For the formulation of a potentially non-fat symbiotic yogurt made with skimmed goat milk, inulin, gelatin, sugar, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnoshus. Chemical characteristics, acceptability, and viability of lactic acid bacteria and probiotic culture were assessed. The protein and fat content of the raw milk was 2.90 and 3.56 g/100 mL, respectively. The optimum skimming process was obtained at 9,800 rpm and 4 °C for 15 minutes. The product formulated had a protein and fat content of 4.04 to 0.04 g/100 mL, good sensory properties, and acceptability of 95%. The lactic bacteria count was 9 × 10(7) CFU mL- 1, and probiotic culture count was higher than 1 × 10(6) CFU mL- 1, which guarantees their effect and capacity to survive in the digestive tract and spread in the intestine. The yogurt was stable during the 21 days of storage. Therefore, this study shows that goat milk yogurt is an adequate delivery vehicle of the probiotic culture L. casei and inulin.

RESUMEN. Se analizaron granos de maíz (Zea mays amylacea, capia) blanco y amarillo descascarados por un tratamiento térmico con cal y cenizas (maíz para mote); y se estudiaron la composición química y digestibilidad in vitro de dichos granos cocidos en agua en ebullición (mote), obtenidos bajo condiciones estandarizadas en laboratorio, para compararlos con los adquiridos en el comercio. La composición de nutrientes fue similar en los granos descascarados, destacándose los blancos procesados con cenizas de laboratorio con un contenido de proteínas y de sodio de 9,95 g / 100 g y 80,33 mg / 100g y en los tratados con cal 979,70 mg de calcio / 100 g respectivamente. Los motes comerciales analizados resultaron semejantes químicamente con los de laboratorio. En los blancos con cenizas de éste último grupo, los valores de sodio, hierro y potasio (28,02; 7,95 y 75,64 mg / 100 g) fueron mayores que los que recibieron el tratamiento con cal (blanco y amarillo), los que presentaron un alto contenido de calcio de 464,97 y 430,79 mg / 100 g respectivamente. La digestibilidad fue superior en las muestras con cal, 79 % en las comerciales y 80 % en las estandarizadas.

SUMMARY. Chemical composition and digestibility of mote. White and yellow maize grains (Zea mays amylacea, capia), polished by means of heat treatment with lime and ashes were analyzed (maize for mote); the chemical composition and digestibility in vitro of these grains cooked in boiling water were studied (mote), they were obtained under standardized conditions (laboratory) to compare them with the ones purchased at stores. The composition of nutrients was similar in polished grains, standing out the white ones from laboratory with a protein and sodium content of 9.95 100 g / 100 g and 80.33 mg / 100 g in the ones processed with ashes respectively and calcium (979.70 mg/100 g) in the ones treated with lime. Motes purchased at stores were analyzed and turned out to be chemically similar to the ones from laboratory. In the white motes with ashes of this last group, values of sodium, iron and potassium (28,02; 7,95 and 75.64 mg / 100 g respectively) were higher than those that received treatment with lime (white and yellow), which presented a high calcium content (464.97 and 430.79 mg / 100 g respectively). The digestibility was superior in the samples with lime, 79 % in the purchased ones and 80% in the standardized ones.